ABSTRACT
Our practice programs have changed drastically after the appearance of COVID-19. The practical sessions designed for all Automation subjects until 2019 were face-to-face. But the arrival of the pandemic and health restrictions resulted in the closure of our university facilities, which forced us to redo the laboratory experiences. It is in this context that simulation and gamification helped us to move forward, since the solution we followed was the virtualization of the laboratory. Although the degree of satisfaction of the students with the new practical sessions is quite good, the purpose of this paper is not to present a detailed analysis of all the simulation and gamification tools we studied, but to explain what our situation was like before COVID-19, how we faced the change, what we learned in the process, what the new practice programs we are currently following are like, what tools have helped us, and what goals we still have to achieve. We hope that our experience can be useful to other teachers. Copyright © 2023 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 lockdown the prolonged closure of sport facilities is causing Legionella growth in the system. Based on an in-house developed simulation tool, the L. pneumophila concentration is predicted dynamically throughout the system and restart guidelines are evaluated. © International Building Performance Simulation Association, 2022
ABSTRACT
Authorities have suggested emergency remote instruction to guarantee that students are not left idle during the pandemic due to the sudden closing of educational facilities. Then for the time being, traditional methods (face-to-face) have been replaced by Open and Distance Learning (ODL). Face-to-face learning was preferred by the majority of students over online learning since students were not able transit to online learning and lacked inspiration. Hence, this study focuses on perception towards ODL during COVID-19 among statistics' students at FSKM UiTM Shah Alam based on some impeding factors such as social issue, lecturer issue, accessibility issue, academic issue, generic skills and learner intentions. The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of statistics' students on ODL based on impeding factors and to identify the significant impeding factors effect on statistics students' perception on ODL. There are 160 observations that are used in this study. The methods that are being used in this study are descriptive analysis and logistic regression. Overall, from the result obtained, students' perception on ODL are approximately to agree for social issue, academic issue and learner intentions variables. Meanwhile, the significance impeding factors in this study are social issue and learner intentions. This study may help higher education institution to improve and make a better strategy to improve the existing teaching method that have been applied by all lecturers. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
This study is aimed at analyzing the features of the functioning of the hospitality industry in the South of Russia. The authors gave a brief description of the Southern Federal District, analyzed the quantitative indicators of collective accommodation facilities, the total number of rooms in hotels and rooms of the highest category in hotels and similar accommodation facilities over the past five years. The study revealed the degree of impact on the hospitality industry of the analyzed region of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, analyzed the income from the services provided by collective accommodation facilities of the Southern Federal District, including the republics of Adygea, Kalmykia, Crimea, Krasnodar Territory, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov regions and the federal city of Sevastopol. The study includes statistics on the number of citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens accommodated in collective accommodation facilities, the average number of employees of hospitality industry enterprises. The analysis made it possible to develop recommendations for improving the activities of city hotels and suburban accommodation facilities through the use of new, more efficient sales channels, the introduction of personalization using CRM systems, expanding the list of additional services that make it possible to develop comprehensive tourist offers such as weekend tours, which will allow if you do not provide new jobs, then save the existing ones, contribute to preventing the closure of business in the hospitality industry, thereby maintaining the standard of living in the district by maintaining the income of the population and preserving the income of local budgets. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Traditionally the furniture market in Brazil is owned by family businesses and of national origin, with few exceptions. Based on this premise and the high demand promoted, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic, the market has adapted to the growing demand for residential furniture. Therefore, a conceptual restructuring needs to be carried out due to the great variability of products in the same factory, driven by the target audience, which goes beyond the traditional concepts of factory standardization and enables a new way of thinking according to the demand for products offered by catalog and/or bespoke. In addition, as they are family businesses, there is an inherent risk of closing activities due to the lack of family motivation of the following generations linked to the lack of knowledge to update manufacturing processes. This article concludes that the variability of products offered in each factory is a high option. New concepts must be adopted from handcrafted to manual transition. And, with positional and functional factory configurations, ensuring high efficiency and quality concerning the degree of difficulty, associated with the characteristics of furniture dealerships. To get success, the companies must be directed towards the sustainable production chain to the companies involved. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disturbances to the ways businesses operate, and has driven the entire industry to re-evaluate its operations. Although the full impact of the disruption will not be understood for some time, however, many companies are now beginning to re-examine and use lessons learned to become more resilient moving forward. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4.0) in Oil & Gas Industry creates a dynamic landscape where Operational Excellence (OE) strives for stability, quality, and efficiency while continuing to serve an increasingly demanding customer. Operational excellence is a journey, not a sole destination. Operational Excellence is a key strategic enabler to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on shape the business of tomorrow. In line with the company vision of digitalization, a number of initiatives were considered for studies and further evaluations to facilitate remote operations through digitization. Below is list of initiatives those were successfully implemented to promote remote field operations. • Critical equipment like compressors and pumps startup sequences development. • Establish communication of wells subsurface (downhole) sensors with the control room for real time data monitoring. • Development of wells start up sequences to facilities wells startup from control room. • Real time monitoring of wells annulus pressure from control room compared to traditional field monitoring. • Reset of Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESD) from control room instead of field. All of the above proposals have already been implemented. In-house field operations implementation resulted in huge Capital as well as Operating Expenditure saving. By enhancing remote operations, essential benefits are achieved including capability to faster and more effective decision-making and improved HSE measures. • Enhance production and reservoir optimization by real time data monitoring and troubleshooting. • Enhanced well integrity by real time annulus pressure monitoring. • Enhanced HSE by eliminating Confined Space Entries (CSEs) and exposure to toxic H2S. • Reduction and operating expenditure (OPEX) • Reduced dependency on human leading to less human error. • Reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX) • Enhanced life of critical equipment Operational Excellence played its role with a value improvement objective. Rather than replacing successful practices and programs, Operational Excellence knitted them into a larger, fully integrated tapestry woven to increase value produced within the overall business strategy which is very evident in this scenario. This case study is blend of Digitalization, Operations Excellence and innovation representing Management support to employee to solve current issues during COVID-19 pandemic. Such support is always beneficial for the company and employees. Copyright © 2022, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
ABSTRACT
With the covid-19 pandemic, e-learning has shown significant growth in Sri Lanka over the last few years. As a remedy to sudden school closure during the covid-19 outbreak, educational institutes have adopted e-learning to minimize the disruption of education. Even though there are benefits, teachers complained that the satisfaction of secondary level students is declining, and it has impacted the academic performance to become low. Therefore, this research is conducted to investigate the factors influencing the secondary level students' satisfaction in e-learning at an educational institute in Sri Lanka from students' perspectives. This study takes 211 students from secondary-level students in an educational institute as participants. The data were gathered through online questionnaires undertaking a Quantitative approach. Overall results indicate that flexibility is the most influencing factor. Respectively, the quality of the e-learning system/platform, Interactivity, quality of the Internet, and quality of the learning material influence students' satisfaction. As per the recommendations, the educational institute is suggested to select a suitable e-learning platform and use Learning Management System (LMS). Also, they are suggested to provide a fixed timetable for teachers. The teachers are encouraged to be more interactive and to use computer-based learning materials to deliver the content. Also, an educational institute is suggested to provide adequate teacher training in creating resource materials. The Ministry of Education is suggested to provide a free e-learning system and data package for less cost. Also, the Ministry of Education is recommended to take strategic decisions to enhance school curriculums to be interactive. E-learning system designers should be aware of the school curriculum in designing e-learning systems. And the Government is encouraged to increase the coverage and infrastructure facilities to establish a satisfying e-learning environment. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The appearance of COVID 19 caused the closure of many higher education institution facilities across the world and Mexico was no exception. This situation interrupted normal teaching and learning activities, fostering the search and development of tools which can guarantee the continuation of learning and teaching activities. Accordingly, this article describes the need for a tool to support learning activities within the context of a challenge-based learning approach. Consequently, after a search for an existing tool it was decided to design a tool suitable for competence development through challenge-based learning. Thus, a mobile app named Klever 21 was designed and released as a test version for this purpose. Additionally, this mobile app is associated with a web platform to aid project management and student competence evaluations. This article describes the main features of Klever 21 which is currently being tested at Tecnologico de Monterrey. This technology represents an evolution of mobile app technologies to face disruptive situations in higher education institutions. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Before the shutdown due to COVID-19, all courses and laboratories from the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department (ECE) at The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) were conducted in person at the university facilities. Many of the laboratories required students to work in groups due to the limited equipment availability. Most universities were forced to adopt distance learning as a primary teaching modality when the pandemic started. Previously, the Learning Management Systems (LMS) were used mainly for support course functions, where students could review the content and grades in their own time, submit assignments, or download materials. During the pandemic time, students attended virtual sessions via video conference, reviewed materials independently, or had restricted interactions. This modality limited the ability to conduct lab experiments. The adopted lab methodologies were to offer online circuits laboratories implemented via portable equipment, designed for work at home, and acquired for the students;or by providing remote access to some university equipment. The ECE department had additional challenges because most of our students live in the border region between USA and México, and many had limited technological resources to access virtual or remote laboratories. UTEP started resuming face-to-face courses and events on campus after the pandemic acute phase period. For the fall 2021 semester, the school initiated activities under enhanced safety precautions for in-person classes. Currently, the circuits laboratory returned to face-to-face delivery mode using bench industrial-grade equipment with higher resolution and accuracy than personal devices, offering students a more comprehensive range of experiments to improve their abilities and knowledge in the technical field. However, some characteristics of the virtual model were kept, such as working at home in the preliminary laboratory phase using portable equipment and then allowing students to work individually at the university workstation, using time more efficiently, and keeping the improved LMS content. This paper compares online and in-person circuits laboratory sessions, exploring the differences, limitations, benefits, and challenges for the students and the response due to geographic restrictions. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022
ABSTRACT
The pandemic of Covid-19 was a huge challenge for people, the economies of companies and nations. The supply chain, which is a link from suppliers to customers, is one of the many sectors hugely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Many suppliers were forced to shut down operations due to the pandemic and the transportation industry suffered immensely. World leaders, medical practitioners and pharmaceutical companies began to talk about vaccine development to help in the fight against the pandemic. A breakthrough in the Covid-19 vaccine development brought smiles again to the world as many countries were already struggling to deal with the effect of this pandemic. Since the supply chain industry has been gravely impacted by the pandemic, there rises another challenge in the distribution of the developed Covid-19 Vaccine. Using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and a combination of different multivariate methods, this research explores the United States Covid-19 and Vaccine distribution dataset to uncover trends affecting the Covid-19 Vaccine Supply Chain (VSC). Furthermore, this research provides some suggestions on how to improve the Covid-19 VSC using supply chain drivers such as facilities, transportations, and information. © 2022 IISE Annual Conference and Expo 2022. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
In 2020, the amount of cargo requiring haulage was surplus to the transportation facilities available. The number of commercial flights operated decreased due to Coronavirus 2019 causing lockdowns, immigration restrictions, and border closures. Stay at home measures increased demand for online shopping and deliveries. Due to the reduction in commercial airline passengers and vacancy of the passenger cabin, governmental aviation agencies and airline regulators sought permissions to transport cargo in the passenger cabin. This paper evaluates the task of transporting cargo in the passenger cabin from a cabin safety perspective. Type of cargo and cargo placement in the cabin were key areas identified, as well as fire prevention. Consideration is also given to human factors and the continuously updating standard operating procedures for which cabin crew found themselves responsible when flying weeks after the World Health Organization announced Coronavirus 2019 to be a pandemic. © 2022, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Traditionally the furniture market in Brazil is owned by family businesses and of national origin, with few exceptions. Based on this premise and the high demand promoted, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic, the market has adapted to the growing demand for residential furniture. Therefore, a conceptual restructuring needs to be carried out due to the great variability of products in the same factory, driven by the target audience, which goes beyond the traditional concepts of factory standardization and enables a new way of thinking according to the demand for products offered by catalog and/or bespoke. In addition, as they are family businesses, there is an inherent risk of closing activities due to the lack of family motivation of the following generations linked to the lack of knowledge to update manufacturing processes. This article concludes that the variability of products offered in each factory is a high option. New concepts must be adopted from handcrafted to manual transition. And, with positional and functional factory configurations, ensuring high efficiency and quality concerning the degree of difficulty, associated with the characteristics of furniture dealerships. To get success, the companies must be directed towards the sustainable production chain to the companies involved. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the atmospheric concentrations of Carbon Monoxide (CO) over India during COVID-19 (2020) were studied by comparing it with 2019 and 2021. COVID-19 has created an undesirable impact all over the world. However, as a blessing in disguise, these measures have a positive effect on the environment due to closing the mass gathering places. The work has undergone using the TROPOMI instrument, on-board Sentinel-5 Precursor. The results, evidence that human activities like transportation in Delhi, Industrial activities near Indo-Gangetic Plain have sharply fallen during the lockdown phase. On Contrary, there is a sharp increment in the area of Thermal power plants being coal-based. On the whole, the mean concentration of CO over India has minimal change due to long lifetime (1~2 months), indicating the duration of the (68 days) lockdown did not capture prompt and short-term atmospheric change. © 2021 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Water distribution systems are critical infrastructure that deliver high quality drinking water to its consumers. Contamination events in water distribution systems (WDS) are emergencies that can cause distress in the population and require quick response from the responsible utility manager. While regular water quality parameters are monitored at water treatment facilities, it is still a challenge to monitor water quality in the WDS itself. Various models have been developed to explore the reactions and interactions of relevant stakeholders during a contamination event including agent-based modelling. Furthermore, recent research has shown that water demands have significantly changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and these changes can affect the operation and management of water infrastructure. In this study, an agent-based modelling framework is developed to explore social dynamics and reactions of water consumers and a utility manager during a contamination event, while considering a pandemic demand scenario. Furthermore, innovative response and recovery methods to a contamination event are explored for rehabilitating the water network after a water quality deterioration. Graph theory algorithms are used to place mobile sensor equipment for surveying the water quality in specific network parts, and the distribution system is clustered by the status of endangerment. The Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) was developed using survey data around risk perceptions and social distancing behaviour that were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The agent-based model (ABM) was developed using output from the BBN and water use data that were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The ABM is coupled with hydraulic simulation of the water infrastructure to evaluate changes in hydraulic performance. The model can be used to explore long and short-term consequences of the pandemic on water distribution systems' management, design, and operations;develop and optimize strategies of how to deal with changes in around water distribution systems due to the pandemic;and investigate how resilient water utilities can cope with additional catastrophic events such as a contamination of a water system during a global or local pandemic related shutdown. © ASCE.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has led to thousands of pilots being grounded, significantly impacting airline training and safety during operational recovery. Previous research has suggested that the airline safety climate has been negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, mostly because of borders closure and a sudden loss of revenue. This context led to thousands of pilots being furloughed or dismissed, increasing their stress and anxiety due to financial hardship and resource constraints. However, the influence of the pandemic on how pilots maintained their proficiency while stood down and how they kept engaged with the airline, and therefore the safety climate, has not yet been researched. Hence, this study sought to evaluate the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on grounded pilots. We evaluated the operational distractions caused by the pandemic, external stressors influencing motivation and morale towards work, and how this affected safety climate. A questionnaire study was conducted with 105 airline pilots who were grounded for longer than three months, requiring refresher training and then returned to operational flying. The research found that approximately half of the participants did not engage in any skill and knowledge upkeeping whilst grounded. COVID-19 measures restricted the access to training facilities for many participants, negatively influencing their motivation to skill-upkeeping. Uncertainty with sudden and indefinite grounding periods made it challenging to maintain engagement and motivation. Job-reattachment was further aggravated by the additional financial and personal stress. The pandemic led to distractions in effectively applying their skills to the job. Physical and mental health concerns were mentioned by many participants as a factor influencing their job performance. The study proposes recommendations for airlines to improve engagement of grounded pilots and pilots in isolation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Key words: meatpacking, plant shutdown, oligopoly, oligopsony (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) Introduction The unprecedented spike in beef price spreads (Figure 1) and drop in cattle slaughter (Figure 2), as beef-packing plants closed or slowed production because of COVID-19 (Dyal, 2020;Taylor, Boulos, and Almond, 2020) prompted calls for investigations into "inappropriate influence" during the pandemic by the highly concentrated packers in the beef market (National Cattlemen's Beef Association, 2020;R-Calf, 2020;Grassley, 2020). The extent to which packer concentration and market power are believed to have triggered or exacerbated the widening of the beef price spread during the pandemic is revealed in a series of letters from cattle producer groups to lawmakers and lawmakers to government agencies. On April 29, 2020, R-Calf (2020) wrote to President Trump and congressional leaders stating that packer concentration "stymies producers' market access and robust competition for cattle... [and] also transfers any marketing power America's cattle farmers and ranchers might possess to the highly concentrated beef packing industry." On July 22, 2020, 5 months into the pandemic, the USDA released the Boxed Beef & Fed Cattle Price Spread Investigation Report, which summarized, in addition to the market impacts of the Tyson fire on beef price spreads, the market impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2020a).
ABSTRACT
A severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 outbreak started in December 2019 reported in the city of Wuhan, China has spread rapidly in other countries around the world. Declared as a pandemic, the lockdowns, industrial shutdowns, closing international borders and overall reduced mobility of the population either for tourism or work commutes have led to air pollution reduction. The lockdown implemented worldwide including Malaysia has come as a respite to the environment, especially in air pollutant levels. Utilizing the Air Pollutant Index (API) data recorded on an hourly basis throughout different series of national lockdown phases, this study is undertaken to evaluate the air quality status before, during and after the implementation of MCO by comparing the selected urban and suburban areas in Malaysia. Six (6) locations including Bandaraya Melaka, Cheras and Alor Setar (urban) and Seri Manjung, Kangar and Kuantan (suburban) were chosen in this study. The result revealed that the air quality has shown improvements after a further extension of lockdown days at both urban (API 36.3-61.5%) and suburban areas (API 46.5-48.6%). It has indirectly changed the air quality status from ‘moderate’ to ‘good’ in all 6 urban and suburban areas. The air quality trends, however, gradually deteriorate and has increased as more restrictions were eased at a later stage. The implementation of lockdown measures not only restricted the spread of infection rate but has reduced ambient air pollutants levels that lead to enhanced air quality. The results obtained in this study can be a useful insight for the regulatory agencies in controlling air pollution and restore the environment quality.
ABSTRACT
The objective of emergency repairs for TRA is to put critical infrastructure that has failed back in to service immediately to prevent or reduce environmental impacts and to restore wastewater collection and transmission service for our customers. After significant rainfall event in March 2020, the Collection Systems Group for the Trinity River Authority of Texas inspected the external conditions of all of the major interceptor lines in the Central Regional Wastewater System for possible line breaks. On March 26, CSG staff identified a major pipeline failure on the 102-inch pipeline for the West Fork interceptor. The pipeline failed in a section immediately adjacent to the West Fork of the Trinity River while the river was in flood stage from the latest significant rain event. The interceptor was passing over 150 MGD of wastewater meant for the CRWS treatment facility, but a portion of the wastewater flow was escaping from the collapsed pipeline in to the river. Once CSG notified the Construction Services group, of the on-call construction contractor, Flow Line Construction, was contacted and immediately mobilized to stop wastewater leakage and to begin pipeline repairs on the collapsed portion of the pipeline. The solution for the emergency repair was multi-faceted: 1)Construction a massive sandbag wall between the failed pipe and the Trinity River to stop wastewater leaking in to the river and to keep the river from washing out the pipeline work are;2) Build a working surface for excavators to access the pipeline site and to setup of bypass pumps;3) Remove the failed section of pipe from the flow path of the wastewater;4) Install bypass piping and pumping equipment and divert flow from the failed pipeline section;5) Install new segments of pipe to restore the pipeline to serviceable conditions;6) Restore bypass flow back to the interceptor and remove bypass pumps and piping;and 7) Perform all of the work listed above while adhering to rapidly changing conditions due to COVID-19 pandemic without having losing one member of the work force to COVID-19. The Roles and Responsibilities of the project team were: 1) Inspection Supervisor – The owner representative that provides direction to the contractor and coordinates construction plans with in-house engineers;2) Engineer – Provided flow ranges for bypass pumping design, collaborated with the contractor to size and layout the bypass pumps, and oversaw the re-installation of the collapsed pipeline;3) Contractor – The contractor staff includes a professional engineer who collaborated with TRA staff to rapidly develop and implement a plan for demolition and reconstruction. In conclusion, while the work took place in a difficult to access area during a period of greater than normal rain and a pandemic, the pipeline was put back in to service in less than 3 weeks. This was through communication, cooperation, and coordination from the contractor, engineers, and inspection staff. Additionally, the river bank was stabilized and armored to prevent future erosion of the pipeline alignment. Copyright © 2021 Water Environment Federation
ABSTRACT
In the current ever-accelerating time of deployment of new production systems associated by various manipulating, technological and maintenance procedures, there is a demand from the point of view of the industrial sphere for shortening these operations and efficiency of the selected processes. It is the ability to visualize these processes using modern augmented reality (AR) technology that is the way to achieve the desired aspects. Visualization via smartphones, tablets, headsets in the AR environment allows users to provide comprehensive information with the exact procedure and information about the required tasks (assembly, disassembly, service operations, maintenance, wiring diagrams, etc.). The use of AR technology, also in view of the ongoing pandemic situation Covid 19, makes possible to involve less qualified operators in the industrial sphere. Deployment of the less skilled operators in the production sphere, using AR technology, can make up for the shortage of skilled labour that is currently lacking in every industry. In this way, it is also possible to keep the industrial sector in good condition without undesirable factors such as production shutdowns, long service operations, and poorly trained service personnel. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
ABSTRACT
Quantifying and comparing the effectiveness of different emission control strategies can provide insights for policy design and air quality management. In our previous work, we developed a wind-pollution decomposition (WPD) method that provides a robust tool to quantify meteorology-driven and emission-driven impacts on changes in air quality. In this study, we applied this method to quantify emission-driven impacts on the observed air quality changes during the three largest international socioeconomic mega-events in China, namely, Shanghai World Expo in 2010, Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, and Guangzhou Asian Games in 2010. We also applied the method to the air quality variation during the lockdown period in Wuhan due to COVID-19 and compared the emission-driven impacts on air quality among these events. The results quantitatively show that the emission-driven factor generally played a much stronger role (> 86%);the meteorology-driven factor promoted pollution mitigation during Wuhan, Beijing and Guangzhou events but worsened the air quality during Shanghai event. The emission-driven pollution reduction was largest in the Wuhan COVID-19 lockdown (64% NO2, 54% PM2.5 reductions), followed by Beijing Olympics (42% PM2.5, 31% NO2 reductions), The Wuhan COVID-19 impact on air quality improvement is not as effective as expected especially for O3, which implies the difficulty of air quality attainment under normal, non-lockdown daysComparison of these events show that shutdown or emission control measures applied to industries and power plants were generally benefit for PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 reduction, while those applied to on-road traffic control are less-effective for reducing NO2 and not works for the mean O3 reduction. The results imply that advanced control measures for vehicle exhaust and control strategies considering the interaction between O3 and NOx/VOC/PM are necessary. In addition, the ongoing supervision of control strategies implementation is one of the key issues for future air quality management in China.